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Specialized designs with substantial frames such as the Italian Piaggio shown here are based upon Japanese designs in this case by Daihatsu and are popular for use in "old town" sections of European cities that often have very narrow alleyways.
Regardless of name, these small trucks serve a wide range of uses. In Japan, they are regulated under the Kei car laws, which allow vehicle owners a break in taxes for buying a smaller and less-powerful vehicle currently, the engine is limited to cc displacement.
These vehicles are used as on-road utility vehicles in Japan. In the EU they may not weigh more than 3. Pickup trucks , called utes in Australia and New Zealand, are common in North America and some regions of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, but not so in Europe, where this size of commercial vehicle is most often made as vans.
Medium trucks are larger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. For the UK and the EU the weight is between 3. Local delivery and public service dump trucks , garbage trucks and fire-fighting trucks are normally around this size.
Heavy trucks are the largest on-road trucks, Class 8. Road damage and wear increase very rapidly with the axle weight. The number of steering axles and the suspension type also influence the amount of the road wear.
Off-road trucks include standard, extra heavy-duty highway-legal trucks, typically outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction, and purpose-built off-road vehicles unconstrained by weight limits, such as the Liebherr T B mining truck.
These limits are some of the highest in the world, a B-double can weigh The European Union also has complex regulations.
The number and spacing of axles, steering, single or dual tires, and suspension type all affect maximum weights. Length of a truck, of a trailer, from axle to hitch point, kingpin to rear of trailer, and turning radius are all regulated.
In additions, there are special rules for carrying containers, and countries can set their own rules for local traffic.
The United States Federal Bridge Law deals with the relation between the gross weight of the truck, the number of axles, the weight on and the spacing between the axles that the truck can have on the Interstate highway system.
Almost all trucks share a common construction: they are made of a chassis , a cab , an area for placing cargo or equipment, axles , suspension and roadwheels , an engine and a drivetrain.
Pneumatic , hydraulic , water , and electrical systems may also be present. Many also tow one or more trailers or semi-trailers. The "cab" is an enclosed space where the driver is seated.
A " sleeper " is a compartment attached to or integral with the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks.
A further step from this is the side loading forklift that can be described as a specially fabricated vehicle with the same properties as a truck of this type, in addition to the ability to pick up its own load.
Most small trucks such as sport utility vehicles SUVs , vans or pickups , and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China, and Russia use gasoline engines petrol engines , but many diesel engined models are now being produced.
Most of the heavier trucks use four-stroke diesel engines with a turbocharger and intercooler. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine.
A significant proportion of North American manufactured trucks use an engine built by the last remaining major independent engine manufacturer Cummins but most global OEMs such as Volvo Trucks and Daimler AG promote their own "captive" engines.
As of [update] several alternative technologies are competing to displace the use of diesel engines in heavy trucks.
CNG engines are widely used in the US refuse industry and in concrete mixers, among other short-range vocations, but range limitations have prevented their broader uptake in freight hauling applications.
Heavy electric trucks and hydrogen-powered trucks are still in the prototype and field-testing stages, although media reports indicate that there is substantial interest in them from major freight haulers.
Small trucks use the same type of transmissions as almost all cars, having either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with synchromesh synchronizers.
Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronizers, saving bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well.
Transmissions without synchronizers, known as "crash boxes", require double-clutching for each shift, which can lead to repetitive motion injuries , or a technique known colloquially as "floating", a method of changing gears which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double-clutching, especially with non-power-assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear.
Double-clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize so that a smooth shift can be made; for example, when upshifting, the accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved into neutral, the clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next higher gear.
Finally, the clutch pedal is released and the accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain the required engine speed. Although this is a relatively fast movement, perhaps a second or so while the transmission is in neutral, it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed.
Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion, except the engine speed is now required to increase while the transmission is in neutral just the right amount in order to achieve the synchronization for a smooth, non-collision gear change.
Automatic and automated manual transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power.
These frames are referred to as ladder frames due to their resemblance to a ladder if tipped on end. The rails consist of a tall vertical section two if boxed and two shorter horizontal flanges.
The height of the vertical section provides opposition to vertical flex when weight is applied to the top of the frame beam resistance.
Though typically flat the whole length on heavy-duty trucks, the rails may sometimes be tapered or arched for clearance around the engine or over the axles.
The holes in rails are used either for mounting vehicle components and running wires and hoses or measuring and adjusting the orientation of the rails at the factory or repair shop.
The frame is usually made of steel , but can be made whole or in part of aluminum for a lighter weight. A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends, but heavy tractors almost always make use of a fifth wheel hitch.
Refrigerator trucks have insulated panels as walls and a roof and floor, used for transporting fresh and frozen cargo such as ice cream, food, vegetables, and prescription drugs.
They are mostly equipped with double-wing rear doors, but a side door is sometimes fitted. Box trucks "tilts" in the UK have walls and a roof, making an enclosed load space.
The rear has doors for unloading; a side door is sometimes fitted. Concrete mixers have a rotating drum on an inclined axis, rotating in one direction to mix, and in the other to discharge the concrete down chutes.
Because of the weight and power requirements of the drum body and rough construction sites, mixers have to be very heavy duty.
Dump trucks "tippers" in the UK transport loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt for construction. A typical dump truck has an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and lifts at the front, allowing the material in the bed to be unloaded "dumped" on the ground behind the truck.
Flatbed trucks have an entirely flat, level platform body. This allows for quick and easy loading but has no protection for the load. Hanging or removable sides are sometimes fitted.
Semi-tractors "artics" in the UK have a fifth wheel for towing a semi-trailer instead of a body. Tank trucks "tankers" in the UK are designed to carry liquids or gases.
They usually have a cylindrical tank lying horizontally on the chassis. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids and gases that can be transported.
In many countries, driving a truck requires a special driving license. The requirements and limitations vary with each different jurisdiction.
The motor vehicles classes are further expanded as:. There is also a heavy vehicle transmission condition for a license class HC , HR , or MC test passed in a vehicle fitted with an automatic or synchromesh transmission; a driver's license will be restricted to vehicles of that class fitted with a synchromesh or automatic transmission.
To have the condition removed, a person needs to pass a practical driving test in a vehicle with non-synchromesh transmission constant mesh or crash box.
Driving licensing has been harmonized throughout the European Union and the EEA and practically all European non-member states , so that common rules apply within Europe see European driving licence.
As an overview, to drive a vehicle weighing more than 7. For licenses first acquired after , that weight was reduced to 3. Since , the C1 license category allows driving vehicles over 3.
The C license category allows driving vehicles over 3. To drive any vehicle with a GVM exceeding 3. This is indicated with the letter "E" prefixing the license code.
In addition, any vehicle designed to carry goods or passengers may only be driven by a driver possessing a Public Driver's Permit, or PrDP of the applicable type.
This is an additional license that is added to the DL card of the operator and subject to annual renewal unlike the five-year renewal period of a normal license.
Instruments to track each driver's hours must sometimes be fitted. In , the US trucking industry employed 1.
There is a shortage of willing trained long distance truck drivers. Michael H. Belzer , associate professor , in the economics department at Wayne State University and co-author of Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation , argues that low pay, bad working conditions and unsafe conditions have been a direct result of deregulation.
Trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution similarly to automobiles. Trucks may [ vague ] emit lower air pollution emissions than cars per equivalent vehicle mass, although the absolute level per vehicle distance traveled is higher, and diesel exhaust is especially dangerous for health.
Continuous sounds are those from tires rolling on the roadway and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds.
Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a turbocharger on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an exhaust brake retarder when traversing a downgrade.
There has been noise regulation put in place to help control where and when the use of engine braking retarders are allowed.
Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on global warming , so many countries are lowering limits on truck CO2 emissions.
According to a U. The European Parliament is moving to ensure that charges on heavy-goods vehicles should be based in part on the air and noise pollution they produce and the congestion they cause, according to legislation approved by the Transport Committee.
A truck cab is a hazard control that protects the truck operator from hazardous airborne pollutants. As an enclosure, it is an example of an engineering control.
Enclosed operator cabs have been used on agriculture, mining, and construction vehicles for several decades. Most modern-day enclosed cabs have heating, ventilation, and air conditioning HVAC systems for primarily maintaining a comfortable temperature and providing breathable air for their occupants.
Various levels of filtration can be incorporated into the HVAC system to remove airborne pollutants such as dusts , diesel particulate matter DPM , and other aerosols.
Two key elements of an effective environmental enclosure are a good filtration system and an enclosure with good integrity sealed isolation from the outside environment.
Good enclosure integrity is also needed to achieve positive pressure to prevent wind-driven aerosol penetration into the enclosure , as well as to minimize air leakage around the filtration system.
Test methods and mathematical modeling of environmental enclosures are also beneficial for quantifying and optimizing filtration system designs, as well as maintaining optimum protection factor performance for enclosure occupants.
Commercial trucks in the US pay higher road use taxes on a state level than other road vehicles and are subject to extensive regulation.
Rules on use taxes differ among jurisdictions. The life of a pavement is measured by the number of passes of a vehicle axle.
It may be evaluated using the Load Equivalency Factor, [83] which states that the damage by the pass of a vehicle axle is proportional to the 4th power of the weight, so a ten-ton axle consumes 10, times the life of the pavement as a one-ton axle.
For that reason, loaded trucks cost the same as thousands of cars in pavement costs, and are subject to higher taxes and highway tolls.
Primary liability insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident.
This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U. Interstate trucks in the U. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation.
Motor truck cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight.
The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled.
In and , there were over 5, fatalities related to trucking accidents in the United States. The trucking industry has since made significant efforts in increasing safety regulations.
In , the industry had successfully lowered the fatality rate to just over 4, deaths, but trucking accidents are still an issue that causes thousands of deaths and injuries each year.
Approximately 6, trucking accident fatalities occur annually in the United States. Fatalities are not the only issue caused by trucking accidents.
Here are some of the environmental issues that arise with trucking accidents:. These signs are directed against a common type of accident that occurs when the large vehicle turns left at a junction: a cyclist trying to pass on the nearside can be crushed against the HGV's wheels, especially if the driver cannot see the cyclist.
The signs, such as the winning design of the InTANDEM road safety competition launched in March , advocate extra care when passing a large vehicle on the nearside.
Front, side, and rear underrun protection is required on commercial vehicles over 3. Trucks must be fitted with blind-spot mirrors that give drivers a wider field of vision than conventional mirrors.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Freight motor vehicle. For other uses, see Truck disambiguation and Lorry disambiguation.
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Which alternatives to the diesel engine hold the greatest potential and what are the consequences of conversion? A look into the near future.
More than 36, MAN employees worldwide work on a daily basis to make the world of freight transport and commercial vehicles more efficient, more eco-friendly and safer.
How do they achieve that? All the facts about our company, our services, products and achievements can be found here.
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